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News on the Wealthiest 2% of Americans who Own almost Everything and Run almost Everything, and what we can do about it. Do you feel powerless as the super-rich buy up America's key industries and cherry-pick the best parts and dump the rest, forming ever-bigger monopolies? THE SOLUTION? BUY NOTHING YOU DON'T REALLY NEED. BUY USED, TRADE WITH YOUR FRIENDS...
Based on August 2009 ratings of the Cable channels only:
1 USA 2.7
2 FOXNews 1.9
3 TNT 1.8
4 NAN 1.6
5 ESPN 1.4
6 TBSC 1.3
7 HGTV 1.1
8 ABC-FAM 0.9
9 A & E 1.1
10 LIFETIME 1.1
SOURCE: http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/original/Cable%20Time%20Period%20Rank%20-%20Week%20of%208-10-09%20(Live+SD).pdf
CBS: 11.88 million viewersaccording to the Nielsen Ratings people, when you compare Fox News ratings to the total ratings of all the channels that are available to the 300 million Americans, they are getting 2.2 million out of over 300 million, so less than 1% of Americans watch Fox News at the time when Fox gets it's most viewers. CBS, those annoying liberals, gets over 5 times as many viewers.
NBC: 7.4
Fox entertainment: 8.4
Network Program Total
ViewersNBC "Meet the Press" 3.02M ABC "This Week" 2.65M CBS "Face the Nation" 2.23M FOX "Fox News Sunday" 1.30M
“This morning I was awoken by my alarm clock powered by electricity generated by the public power monopoly regulated by the US department of energy. I then took a shower in the clean water provided by the municipal water utility. After that, I turned on the TV to one of the FCC regulated channels to see what the national weather service of the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration determined the weather was going to be like, using satellites designed, built, and launched by the national aeronautics and space administration. I watched this while eating my breakfast of US department of agriculture inspected food and taking the drugs which have been determined as safe by the food and drug administration.
At the appropriate time as regulated by the US congress and kept accurate by the national institute of standards and technology and the US naval observatory, I get into my national highway traffic safety administration approved automobile and set out to work on the roads build by the local, state, and federal departments of transportation, possibly stopping to purchase additional fuel of a quality level determined by the environmental protection agency, using legal tender issed by the federal reserve bank. On the way out the door I deposit any mail I have to be sent out via the US postal service and drop the kids off at the public school.
After spending another day not being maimed or killed at work thanks to the workplace regulations imposed by the department of labor and the occupational safety and health administration, enjoying another two meals which again do not kill me because of the USDA, I drive my NHTSA car back home on the DOT roads, to my house which has not burned down in my absence because of the state and local building codes and fire marshal’s inspection, and which has not been plundered of all its valuables thanks to the local police department.
I then log on to the internet which was developed by the defense advanced research projects administration and post on freerepublic.com and fox news forums about how SOCIALISM in medicine is BAD because the government can’t do anything right.”
http://www.dailybreeze.com/ci_11726018?IADID=Search-www.dailybreeze.com-www.dailybreeze.com
About a quarter of the nation's TV stations cut off their analog signals Tuesday, causing sets to go dark in households that were not prepared for digital television despite two years of warnings about the transition.
Though most viewers were ready - and people with cable or satellite service were unaffected - some stations and call centers reported a steady stream of questions from frustrated callers.
"It's kind of an irritation, but I understand that everyone will have a much better picture. As far as I was concerned, they could have left things the way they were," said Dorothy Delegard, 67, of
Phones were ringing off the hook at a walk-in information center set up by stations in
A volunteer at the center, Jeremy Taylor, said he tried to calm agitated callers.
"I try to explain that the digital switch is not something we're doing to extort them of money,"
OH, REALLY?
--------------------
http://www.latimes.com/technology/la-fi-dtv17-2009feb17,0,6567234.story
Early converts to digital are fuzzy about benefits
Some report getting worse reception and fewer stations, at least for now
…The switch to digital broadcasts will free up valuable airwaves for public safety officials to improve their communications networks and for wireless companies to offer new services. And for most people, it will produce sharper pictures with better sound. Digital TV also enables broadcasters to transmit four or more programs simultaneously on new sub-channels….
Our guest blogger is Adam Jentleson, the Communications and Outreach Director for the Hyde Park Project at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.
In 1980, Ronald Reagan famously asked America, “Are you better off than you were four years ago?”
After eight years of conservative rule, it’s worth posing a similar question – are Americans better off today than they were eight years ago?
As our new memo shows, unless you happen to be a big corporation or make enough money to be in the top percentage of earners, the answer is probably no:
A variety of metrics can be used to judge this question and assess what eight years of conservative policies have wrought. The picture painted here is clear: from job growth to debt, and from income disparity to national poverty indices, the conservative approach of putting big corporations and the very wealthy ahead of the middle class has failed to create prosperity that can be shared by all Americans.
MILESTONES IN MEDIA MONOPOLISM:
compiled by Rex Frankel, 1/19/2009
OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS, THE BIG 5 MEDIA CORPORATIONS BOUGHT UP THE MOST LUCRATIVE MEDIA ASSETS AND DUMPED THE LESS PROFITABLE ONES, ENDING UP WITH NEAR TOTAL CONTROL OF TV, CABLE AND FILM PRODUCTION, AND MOSTLY DUMPING PRINT, RADIO, AND RECORDED MUSIC.
GE/NBC/UNIVERSAL:
Main Businesses: TV stations and network, cable channels, film and TV production and distribution, theme parks
Bought During the Bush Years: Universal Studios, Telemundo TV network, Bravo, Oxygen and the Weather Channel
1932-Feds make GE and Westinghouse sell stakes in RCA radio networks
1957-MCA Universal buys
1980--RCA sells Random House book publisher to Newhouse co.
1985-GE buys RCA, getting NBC TV network and stations
1986-GE sells RCA music division to Bertelsman of Germany. They eventually sell it to Sony.
1987-GE sells consumer electronics division of GE and RCA to Thomson of France
1987-NBC radio programming producer is sold to Westwood One, a firm now owned by CBS.
1988-NBC sells 5 of its radio station to Emmis Broadcasting
1989-Universal buys 1/3rd stake in Cineplex Odeon theaters. Stake is sold later to AMC Theaters
1989-NBC launches CNBC cable channel
1990-Universal and MCA is sold to Matsushita of Japan (now known as Panasonic)
1991-Polygram buys film producers Propaganda and Working Title Films and in 1992 buys Interscope Films. Polygram was jointly owned by Siemens and Philips of Europe.
1995 Universal is sold to Seagrams
1996-NBC and Microsoft launch MSNBC channel
1997-Universal buys October Films
1997-Universal buys out its partner in
1999-Universal buys Polygram pictures and recorded music co.
2000-Seagrams and Universal are sold to Vivendi of France. Deal is a disaster financially.
2001-Vivendi buys Houghton Miflin book publishing
2001-NBC buys Telemundo TV network which owns two stations in several major markets
2002-Vivendi sells Seagrams liquor business and Houghton Miflin book publishing
2002-NBC buys Bravo cable channel from Cablevision Corp. and MGM
2003-GE buys Universal Pictures leaving Vivendi with 20% stake in new NBC-Universal company. Vivendi keeps ownership of Universal recorded music division
2006-NBC buys Miss Universe and Miss
2007-NBC buys Oxygen cable channel from Oprah Winfrey
2008-NBC buys the Weather channel
TIME-WARNER:
Main Businesses: magazines, cable channels, film production and distribution
Bought during the Bush years: split the #3 cable system owner with their main competitor, Comcast (#1 in
1944-Warners buys Looney Tunes cartoon studio and Bugs Bunny
1948-Warners sells film library to MGM
1967-DC Comics is bought by Kinney National Company
1969-Kinney National buys Warner Brothers, in 1972 Kinney spins off Warner Communications Co.
1972-Time inc. buys HBO pay channel
1978-Warner Communications buys cable system operator ATC
1982-CBS sells paperback publishing to Warners
1987-Time and Warner merge
1989-Warners buys Lorimar-Telepictures studios
1989-Time magazine publishing merges with Warner, which makes films and record
1991-Turner Broadcasting (18% owned by Time-Warner) buys Hanna-Barbera animation company
1992-Turner launches the Cartoon Network
1993-Turner merges with Castle Rock and New Line films
1996-Time-Warner buys Turner Broadcasting, getting CNN, TBS and other cable channels, and old MGM film library
1998-T-W sells Six Flags theme parks to Premiere Parks co.
1999-AOL buys Mapquest internet site
2000-Time-Warner merges with America Online. Deal is a huge money-loser.
2000-TW buys some magazines from the Tribune Company. It resells them in 2007 to Bonnier.
2003-TW sells half stake in Comedy Central to Viacom (already owned other half)
2004-AOL-TW sells music division to Edgar Bronfman
2005-TW buys remains of bankrupt Adelphia cable with chief rival Comcast Corp.
2006-TW sells its book publishing division to Hachette of France.
2006-TW buys half of Court TV channel from Liberty Media (already owned other half)
2009-Time Warner plans to spin off #2
WALT DISNEY COMPANY:
Main businesses: TV stations and network, cable channels, film production and distribution, theme parks, books and magazines
Bought During the Bush Years: Pixar Animation, top producer of computer animated films
1943-feds force RCA to divest itself of ABC radio network
1960-Disney buys out stake in
1984-ABC buys ESPN channel
1985-Capital Cities co, owner of TV stations and newspapers, buys ABC
1993-Disney buys Miramax films
1994-ABC buys out Viacom’s stake in the Lifetime channel
1995-Disney Buys ABC TV and radio networks
1996-Radio Disney network is launched
1997-Disney sells its 4 daily newspapers to Knight-Ridder
1997-Disney buys asset of Cinergi Pictures, producers of Die Hard series
1999-Disney sells its women’s magazines
2006-Disney buys Pixar Animation, which had been founded by GeorgeLucas
2006—ABC sells its music, talk and news radio networks and stations to Citadel Broadcasting, keeping ESPN Radio and Radio Disney stations
Main Businesses:
Newspapers in
Bought During the Bush Years: myspace.com and Wall Street Journal
1935-Century Pictures and Fox Film merge to form 20th Century Fox
1977-Murdoch buys NY Post
1985-Murdoch buys Fox Pictures and also buys 7 TV stations from Metromedia to set up TV network. Murdoch buys the Boston Herald and Chicago Sun-Times but later sells them
1987-Murdoch buys Harper and Row book publishers
1988-Murdoch buys TV Guide and Seventeen magazine
1988-Murdoch buys William Collins book publisher
1991-Murdoch sells several magazines
1995-Sets up Fox sports channels in partnership with TCI, later brings in channels owned by Cablevision in east coast
1996-Fox News channel is launched
1996-Fox buys New World Communications, getting 10 TV stations
1997-Buys and in 2003 sells L.A. Dodgers baseball team, keeps broadcast rights
1997-Fox/Liberty Media buys control of FitTV channel
1999-Fox trades stock to Liberty Media for full control of Fox Sports channels
1999-Fox sells TV Guide to Gemstar corp.
1999-Murdoch buys William Morrow and
Buys and later sells DirecTV satellite TV distributor
2000-Fox buys 10 Chris-Craft TV stations, gaining second channels in several major markets
2001-Sells Fox Family channel to Disney, had bought it from Pat Robertson in 1997
2001-Fox sells its 33% stake in the Golf channel and Outdoor Life to Comcast, getting full ownership of Speedvision channel in deal.
2003-Murdoch buys DirecTV from General Motors
2005-Murdoch buys myspace.com
2006-Murdoch trades DirecTV to Liberty Media in exchange for
2007-Murdoch buys Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones Company. To finance the deal, Fox sells 9 TV stations in smaller market.
Main businesses: TV stations and network, billboards, radio stations, film production and distribution, book publishing, cable channels
Bought During the Bush Years: rest of Comedy Central, and DreamWorks Pictures
1938-CBS buys
1964-CBS buys NY Yankees baseball team, sells in 1973
1965-CBS buys Fender guitar co.
1970-Viacom is formed when feds make CBS divest its ownership of TV show producers and syndicators
1981- MTV-launched 1981 by Warner Communications and American Express
1985-Viacom buys out partners, gets full ownership of MTV, VH-1, Showtime, the Movie Channel and Nickelodeon
1985-Mutual Broadcasting radio network is sold by Amway to Westwood One. NBC sells its radio network to Westwood One.
1987-Redstone buys control of Viacom
1987-CBS sells off it book publishing division to Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
1988-CBS sells recorded music division to Sony
1993-Viacom buys Paramount Pictures
1993-Paramount buys Macmillan book publishing
1994-Viacom buys Blockbuster video rental stores
1994-Viacom sells
1994-Infinity Radio buys Westwood One
1995-Viacom sells its cable systems to TCI (which eventually sold out to AT & T, which sold them to Comcast)
1995-CBS is sold to Westinghouse Corp, which owned 8 CBS TV affiliates, 18 radio stations, the Nashville Network cable channel and 31% of Country Music TV channel. Eventually most of Westinghouse’s non-media assets are sold off and company is renamed CBS.
1995-Viacom launches UPN TV network using Chris-Craft’s network of stations
1995-Viacom spins off its local cable TV systems, which TCI buys.
1996-CBS buys Infinity Radio getting 77 stations and up to 6 stations in several major markets.
1997-CBS buys American Radio Systems, getting 98 stations
1999-Viacom and CBS merge, with Redstone in full control.
1999-CBS buys Outdoor Systems billboard firm, largest in
1999-CBS buys King World-distributor of shows like Oprah, Wheel of Fortune
1999-Westwood One buys Metro Networks, producer of radio traffic reports
2000-Viacom buys Black Entertainment TV cable channel.
2003-Viacom buys other half of Comedy Central from Universal
2004-Viacom spins off Blockbuster video stores to shareholders, writing off big loss
2005-to boost stock price, Redstone splits CBS and Viacom in two, though he still controls them; CBS writes off $18 billion loss from purchase of overpriced radio and billboard assets
2005-Paramount buys DreamWorks pictures
2006-CBS sells
2007-CBS sells off 39 radio stations and 10 TV stations in smaller markets
THE BIG-4 RAILROAD MONOPOLIES:
compiled by Rex Frankel, 1/19/2009
thanks to wikipedia.org and oligopolywatch.com for helpful data
4 Companies control virtually the entire
-1997, bought Southern Pacific RR
-1982
-1982 Western Pacific RR
--1988 Missouri-Kansas-Texas RR
-1988 Denver & Rio Grande RR
-1995-
-Overnite trucking co.
The Burlington Northern Santa Fe
--1970—merger of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway; and the
--1980 St. Louis-San Francisco RR
-1995 merged with Santa Fe RR
The CSX
--1960 merged with Baltimore& Ohio RR
-1979 merged with Seaboard Coast Line
--1991 bought Richmond Fredericksburg & Potomac RR
-1992-PL & E RR
--1998 bought Conrail from the federal government, splitting its assets with
--SeaLand shipping co.
The Norfolk Southern
--1964 Norfolk Western bought Wabash, Nickel Plate, Pittsburgh & West Virginia RR and the
--1974 Norfolk Southern RR bought by Southern Railways
--1982-Norfolk & Western merged with Southern Railways
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WHO MAKES ALL THE APPLIANCES, HARDWARE AND TOOLS?
compiled by Rex Frankel, 1/19/2009
THE BIG 3 APPLIANCE MAKERS:
In recent years,
GE:
Hotpoint (acquired 1918) http://new.idsa.org/webmodules/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=309&z=62
RCA—bought 1985 (but sold GE and RCA TV manufacturing division in 1987 to Thomson of France. Thomson in 2004 transferred all TV production to joint venture with TCL of China)
Monogram
Roper bought 1988
WHIRLPOOL:
Bought During the Bush Years: Maytag and numerous brands
Kitchenaid-bought in 1986 from Hobart Corp.
Estate-bought from RCA in 1955
Glenwood ???
Heritage ??
In the Maytag purchase in 2005, brands added to Whirlpool included:
Jetclean dishwashers
Jenn-Aire-bought 1982
Admiral-bought 1986
Magic Chef-bought 1986
Norge-bought 1986
Toastmaster-bought 1986 (sold 1987, now owned by Salton inc.)
Gaffers & Sattler-bought 1969 by Magic Chef http://www.johnmills.net/work/history.html
Gemini ranges
Amana and Radarange (sold by Raytheon in 1997 to Goodman, they sold it to Maytag in 2001)
Modern Maid, sold to Raytheon in 1979, then to Maytag,
http://www.rekitchen.com/stoves/brands/modern-maid.html
Caloric-sold to Amana in 1967- http://www.rekitchen.com/stoves/brands/caloric.html
Hardwick bought 1981- http://www.maytagclub.com/page-2j.htm
Dixie-Narco vending machines-bought 1986 (sold in 2006 to Crane co.(a division of American Standard Brands)
http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Maytag-Corporation-Company-History.html
ELECTROLUX:
--1986-buys White-Westinghouse, getting
Frigidaire (brand was owned by General Motors from 1919 to 1980)
Gibson (bought 1979) http://www.rekitchen.com/stoves/brands/gibson.html
Kelvinator (sold by AMC in 1968)
Tappan
--in 1986 buys Poulan/Weedeater, yard tools; In 2006-spun off Husqvarna lawn and garden products, including Poulan and Weedeater
--in 2000, buys back rights to use Electrolux name in USA, had sold it in 1968 to Consolidated Foods, later known as Sara Lee, which sold it to management in 1987.
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SMALLER APPLIANCES, HARDWARE, TOOLS:
TECHTRONIC
NEWELL RUBBERMAID:
TOOLS:
Bernzomatic torches
Vise-grip
Lenox saw blades
OFFICE PRODUCTS: Sanford, Sharpie pens, Eberhard Faber, uni-ball, Berol, rotring, Parker pens, Papermate, Waterman, Liquid Paper, Rolodex, Eldon, Dymo, Expo, Grumbacher
COOKWARE/HOUSEHOLD: Mirror, Wearever, Airbake, Calphalon, Anchor Hocking, Pyrex (not in
Goody hair products
Levolor
Louverdrape
MeadWestvaco, which was sold to Cerberus Capital in 2005:
Bought Stuart Hall stationery products in 2001, from Pen-Tab Holdings. Pen-tab had bought it in 1998 from Newell Corp.
http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/2001/03/19/daily20.html; Brands: Mead, Day Runner, Trapper Keeper,
BLACK & DECKER:
EMHART BOUGHT 1989, they owned: Kwikset locks, Price Pfister faucets, Molly wall anchors, POP rivets, True Temper golf clubs
DeWalt tools
Porter cable-bought 2004 from Pentair
NACCO INDUSTRIES:
SALTON INC., BOUGHT APPLICA IN 2007:
Black & Decker small appliances
Spacemaker appliances
Toastmaster
Farberware
George Foreman grills
Infrawave
Stiffel lighting
JARDEN CORP.
Sunbeam
Oster, Osterizer
Grillmaster
Mr. Coffee
Borg scales
Oskar
Diamond matches
Crock-Pot
Bionaire
Kerr and Ball canning supplies
Coleman camping gear
Campingaz
4/2007 buys Pure Fishing
4/2007—buys K2 inc. for $765 mil., maker of skis, Shakespeare and Penn fishing tackle and Rawlings baseball equipment
Bostitch staplers, nail guns
Mac tools
Proto tools
MASCO:
Delta and Peerless faucets, Hansgrohe, Brasscraft
Mills Pride cabinets
Behr paints
Milgard windows
COOPER INDUSTRIES:
Crescent wrenches
Plumb axes and hammers
Wiss snips
Buss fuses
McGraw Edison
Xcelite
INGERSOLL
Schlage locks
Kryptonite locks
-Thermo-King refrigerated trucks—bought in 1997 from Westinghouse-CBS
-12/2007 buys Trane air conditioning for $10 billion
AMERICAN STANDARD BRANDS:
Trane air conditioners-spun off in 2007
American Standard and Eljer toilets
Crane plumbing
EMERSON ELECTRIC:
In-Sink-erator
THE BIG 3 USA CAR MAKERS:
General Motors,
sells under these brands:
Chevrolet,
Pontiac-bought 1909,
Buick—original car line of GM,
Cadillac-bought 1909,
GMC,
Saturn,
Hummer—their SUV’s are actually made by A-M General Corp. , a former division of American Motors and later LTV corp., now a separate company
GM-Daewoo-bought in 2002-in
Saab of
GM also owned between 2000 and 2005 up to 20% of FIAT of Italy, which sells under these brands: FIAT, Lancia, Alfa Romeo-(bought 1986 from the Italian government), Ferrari, Maserati (bought 1993, 51% owned), and Iveco trucks, while FIAT owns 6% of GM. FIAT sells 46% of all cars sold in Italy, and also owns 90% of Polish carmaker FSM.
GM also sells under these brands in Europe: Adam-Opel in
Discontinued car lines:
Elmore, bought 1909-halted 1912
Geo-1989-1997
LaSalle-1927-1940
Marquette-1930
Oakland-1907-1931
Oldsmobile-1897-2004
Rapid Truck-1909-1912
Reliance Truck-1909-1912
Viking-1929-1931
Former stakes in other car-makers:
Isuzu (49%)-sold in 2006,
Suzuki (9.9% sold in 2008),
and once owned Subaru (20%) of
Lotus of UK-1986 to 1993
-------------------------
Ford
#2 with 25% of the
Ford,
Mercury,
Volvo cars of Sweden-bought in 1999,
and owns 50% of AutoLatina with VW in
Discontinued brand lines:
Edsel-1958-1060
Merkur-1985-1989
Aston Martin Lagonda, made in the
Land Rover & Range Rover (bought in 2000), Jaguar, (bought in ’89), in 2008, Ford sold Land Rover and Jaguar to Tata of India
-- Formerly owned controlling share of Mazda of Japan (33.4%, cut in 2008 to 13%, along with another large shareholder, Sumitomo Bank)
---------------------------
Chrysler,
#3 in the
Jeep--bought in 1987 as part of American Motors Corp.,
Dodge,
Chrysler,
Daimler, owner of Mercedes-Benz, which is 24% owned by Deutsche Bank, bought Chrysler in 1998. Daimler also owns Freightliner trucks and Puch mopeds. In May of 2007, Daimler sells Chrysler to Cerberus Capital Management for $7.4 billion, but most of the cash will go back into Chrysler, and Daimler will keep a 19% share and keep $950 million. Cerberus also controls GMAC, 51% sold 4/2006 by GM for $14 billion.
Discontinued car lines:
Maxwell-dropped in 1925
Chalmers-ended in 1923
DeSoto-1928-1961
Imperial
Eagle-1988-1998
Plymouth-1928-2001
Rambler-1950-1969
Nash-1916-1957
LaFayette-1920-1940
Willy’s-Overland-until 1955
Kaiser-Frazer—until 1955
Chrysler formerly owned 15% of Hyundai, selling it in 2004 (which owns Kia--bought in ‘98).
Hyundai’s first model sold in the
Mitsubishi Motors--Chrysler owned stake between 1971 and 1993 and sold their cars under Dodge brand in the
Mitsubishi also owned 10% of Hyundai until 2003
--------------------------
THE BIG FOREIGN CAR-MAKERS
Lexus,
and Scion
--Subaru. A 16.5% stake is owned by
---------------------------------
Honda,
Makes the Honda and Acura brands.
It used to sell the
-----------------------------------------
Renault, was owned by the French government from after World War 2 to 1996.
It controls:
Nissan-bought in 1999 (and owns 44% of its stock, while Nissan owns 15% of Renault),
Infiniti –launched by Nissan in 1989
Samsung Motors of
-beginning in 1979, Renault bought a small stake in AMC-Jeep, eventually owning 47%; Renault sold that stake in 1987 to Chrysler
-----------------------
BMW sells under these brands:
BMW,
Rolls Royce (bought ‘98),
Mini Cooper, bought in 1994 as part of Rover (Rover Cars used to be called British Leyland, and made the MG, Triumph, Austin Healey and Morris Minor; BMW sold off Rover to Ford in 2000, which sold it in 2008 to Tata Motors of India. BMW also kept the right to make a Triumph brand.)
---------------------
Porsche bought a controlling stake in VW in 2008, they own:
VW,
Audi, bought by VW in 1964 from Daimler-Benz
Lamborghini (bought in ’98 by Audi),
Bentley (bought in ‘98,
Porsche
SEAT in Spain-bought in 1986
Skoda of the
Bugatti bought 1998
----------------------
Daimler-Benz
Makes Mercedes-Benz
Daimler also owns Freightliner trucks and Puch mopeds.
Owned Chrysler, Dodge and Jeep from 1998 to 2007